Tunnel Boring Machines are essential machines for the construction of tunnels in civil engineering projects. Their ability to excavate with precision in various types of terrain has revolutionized the way they are developed. subway infrastructures, such as subways, submarine emissaries and transportation tunnels. But did you know that there are different types of tunnel boring machines designed specifically to meet various geological challenges? Below, we will explore how many types of tunnel boring machines there are and their most common applications.
Classification of tunnel boring machines
Hard rock tunnel boring machines (Hard Rock TBM)
Hard rock TBMs are designed to excavate in solid ground, such as granite or basalt. They use cutting heads equipped with discs that pierce the rocky material, crushing it into manageable fragments. These machines are ideal for projects that cut through mountains or extremely hard terrain.
Common applicationsRailway and road tunnels.
AdvantagesHigh resistance and capacity to handle extreme conditions.
EPB tunnel boring machines (Earth Pressure Balance)
The EPB tunnel boring machines are ideal for soft or mixed terrains, where maintaining the stability of the excavation face is crucial. These machines balance the pressure using the excavated material, which prevents cave-ins and ensures safety during operation.
Common applicationsurban projects, subway tunnels and collectors.
Advantagesadaptability to complex terrains and minimum impact on the surface.
Slurry tunnel boring machines (Slurry Shield)
This type of TBM is ideal for water-saturated or unstable ground. They use slurry to stabilize the excavation face and facilitate the transport of the extracted material. They are especially useful in projects under rivers or in very wet soils.
Common applicationsUnderwater outfalls and tunnels under bodies of water.
AdvantagesHigh precision and control in watery terrain.
Open shield tunnel boring machines (Open Shield TBM)
The open shield tunnel boring machines are less complex machines that operate on stable ground, where no additional support is required to maintain tunnel stability. These TBMs are ideal for projects where the risk of collapse is minimal.
Common applicationstunnels in stable rock or consolidated soils.
AdvantagesSimplicity and lower operating costs.
Tunnel boring machines used in specific projects
At Eurohinca, we have used a variety of tunnel boring machines to suit the specific needs of each project. Some outstanding examples include:
Hydroshield Tunnel Boring Machineused in the expansion of the Lagares WWTP (Vigo), ideal for mixed terrain.
Scrubbersused in pipeline jacking projects, such as in the supply of the Basque region of Encartaciones.
EPB tunnel boring machinesThe key to high-density urban projects, such as microtunnels in Guadalajara (Mexico).
Factors in choosing a tunnel boring machine
Soil conditions
The type of soil determines the choice of TBM. While hard rock TBMs are ideal for solid ground, EPBs or Slurry Shield TBMs are more suitable for soft or water-saturated ground.
Project requirements
Aspects such as tunnel diameter, route length and proximity to urban structures directly influence machine selection. For example, in urban projects, EPB TBMs stand out for their ability to operate with minimal impact.
Technological advances in tunnel boring machines
Advanced sensors and control systems
Modern TBMs are equipped with technology that allows real-time monitoring of ground pressure, alignment and cutterhead status. This not only improves accuracy, but also increases safety during excavation.
Impact on sustainability
Recent innovations focus on reducing environmental impact. For example, many projects reuse excavated material for other applications, and machines are designed to consume less energy during the process.
Eurohinca: Experts in subway solutions
With more than 25 years of experience, Eurohinca has led international projects using the most advanced tunnel boring machines on the market. Our approach combines cutting-edge technology, adaptability and a commitment to excellence in every job.
If you are interested in learning more about our solutions, do not hesitate to contact us.
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