{"id":5830,"date":"2026-10-14T10:14:17","date_gmt":"2026-10-14T10:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/?p=5830"},"modified":"2026-10-14T10:14:20","modified_gmt":"2026-10-14T10:14:20","slug":"when-an-undersea-cable-needs-cathodic-protection-and-how-it-is-designed","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/cuando-necesita-proteccion-catodica-una-conduccion-submarina-y-como-se-disena\/","title":{"rendered":"When does an underwater pipeline need cathodic protection, and how is it designed?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A <strong>underwater pipeline<\/strong> needs <strong>cathodic protection<\/strong> When its metal components\u2014steel piping, flanges, gaskets, anchors, special fittings, diffusers, inlets, auxiliary structures, or exposed reinforcement\u2014may be subject to corrosion due to contact with seawater, sediments, aggressive soils, stray currents, or discontinuities in the anticorrosive coating. Cathodic protection is designed in conjunction with the external coating, service life, environmental resistivity, exposed metal surface, type of installation, burial depth, temperature, electrical connections, and inspection plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In projects of <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/submarine-emissaries\/\">submarine emissaries<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/sea-water-catchments\/\">sea water catchments<\/a> o <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/crossings-of-marine-protected-areas\/\">crossings of marine protected areas<\/a>, cathodic protection must be defined during the engineering phase, especially if the pipeline includes carbon steel, buried metal components, land-to-sea transition zones, or components exposed to the marine environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">When Is Cathodic Protection Necessary?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cathodic protection is considered necessary when there is a risk of electrochemical corrosion in metal components that are submerged or buried in a marine environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>Situation<\/th><th>The Need for Cathodic Protection<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Underwater steel pipe<\/td><td>Usually required in conjunction with exterior siding<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Metal pipe buried in marine sediment<\/td><td>Requires corrosion analysis and electrical continuity testing<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Flanges, valves, anchors, or metal diffusers<\/td><td>It may require localized protection<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Exterior cladding with a risk of defects<\/td><td>Cathodic protection covers discontinuities or damage<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Land-sea transition zone<\/td><td>High risk due to changes in humidity, oxygen, and salinity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Presence of stray currents<\/td><td>It requires specific study and monitoring<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Environment containing chlorides, sulfates, or with low resistivity<\/td><td>Higher likelihood of corrosion<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-metallic pipes with metal fittings<\/td><td>Protection applies only to connected or exposed metal components<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Long-Life Drive<\/td><td>Stricter requirements for durability and inspection<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In pipes made of non-metallic materials, such as HDPE or FRP, cathodic protection is not applied to the main pipeline, but it may be necessary for metal components, flanges, fasteners, anchors, diffusers, or associated structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What Cathodic Protection Actually Protects<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cathodic protection is not a substitute for an exterior coating. Its purpose is to protect exposed metal areas or defects in the coating by reducing the corrosion rate through control of the metal's electrochemical potential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In an underwater pipeline, the protection system typically works in conjunction with:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anti-corrosion coating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mechanical protection against abrasion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Concrete ballast or concrete coatings.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Backfilling or protection with a breakwater.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sealant for joints.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical continuity test.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Underwater inspections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potential Measurement.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anode maintenance or impressed current system.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The overall strategy must be coordinated with the <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/how-is-an-underwater-outfall-protected-against-scouring-waves-anchors-and-fishing\/\">Protection of submarine outfalls against scouring, waves, anchors, and fishing<\/a> and with the <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/que-proteccion-anticorrosiva-necesita-una-tuberia-instalada-en-terrenos-agresivos-o-ambientes-marinos\/\">corrosion protection for pipes in harsh environments or marine settings<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Types of Cathodic Protection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Cathodic protection using sacrificial anodes<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It uses anodes made of more electrochemically active materials, such as aluminum, zinc, or magnesium alloys, which are gradually consumed to protect the steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is common in undersea pipelines because:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It does not require an external power source.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It can be hardy in marine environments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It enables distributed protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>It works well in submerged or buried sections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Its maintenance depends on anode consumption and its expected service life.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It must be sized so that the anodes have sufficient mass and are properly distributed throughout their design life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Impressed-current cathodic protection<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It uses an external power source and inert or long-life anodes to supply protective current.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It may be appropriate when:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>It's a long drive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The current demand is high.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potential regulation is required.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>There is electrical interference.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ground control is needed.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accessibility for maintenance is guaranteed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It requires a power supply, control equipment, cables, anodes, reference electrodes, maintenance, and operational monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How Cathodic Protection Is Designed<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The design is based on calculating the current required to polarize the exposed metal surface and maintain it within a protection range compatible with the material, the coating, and the environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Define the metal area to be protected<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">First, identify which metal parts are electrically connected and exposed:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Main pipe.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Flanges.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Elbows.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Diffusers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tomas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anchors.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Steel components.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Exposed Armor.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Metal gaskets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transition pieces.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Auxiliary structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If there are insulating joints or electrical discontinuities, the system is divided into zones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Assess the marine environment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This study examines the conditions that influence corrosion and current draw:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Salinity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Temperature.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Dissolved oxygen.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Resistivity of water and sediment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Depth.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fund type.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Burial or cremation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Current velocity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Presence of sulfates or sulfides.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Microbiological activity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wandering currents.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Proximity to other metal structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The medium is not uniform: a pipeline that is partially buried, partially exposed, and has a break zone may require different criteria for each section.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3. Determine the area to be protected<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The calculation takes into account the actual or estimated exposed metal area. For coated pipes, a coating defect or degradation factor is applied, because cathodic protection must compensate for defects, pores, installation damage, or aging.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following are considered:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Total metal area.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Initial defect percentage of the coating.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Degradation is expected over time.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Damage caused by installation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Welding areas.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Uncoated components.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Unique pieces with greater visibility.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">4. Calculate current demand<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The required current depends on the exposed surface area and the current density required for the medium. Initial, average, and final current requirements are calculated because the condition of the coating and the medium conditions may change over the service life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following is verified:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Initial current required to achieve polarization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Average current required to maintain protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Final current, taking into account coating aging.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Safety margin.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Current distribution by sections.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">5. Select anodes or an impressed current system<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In systems with sacrificial anodes, the following is defined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Anode material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Required dough.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Number of anodes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Separation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Location.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fastening method.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical continuity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Estimated consumption.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Service life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Mechanical protection of the anodes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In direct-current systems, the following is defined:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Power supply.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Rectifier capacity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Type and location of anodes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cables.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reference electrodes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Potential control.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Redundancies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Access for maintenance.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Protection against interference.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">6. Check for interference and electrical continuity<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Cathodic protection only works properly if the current reaches the areas that need to be protected. That is why the following are checked:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Electrical continuity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insulating gaskets.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Connections between sections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Contact with other structures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interference with neighboring facilities.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compatibility with existing cathodic protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk of overprotection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Risk of corrosion to nearby unprotected structures.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inspection Criteria During Installation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During installation, care must be taken to avoid damaging the anti-corrosion system or creating unintended discontinuities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following is monitored:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Condition of the exterior cladding.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Weld protection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Electrical continuity.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anode locations.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Attachments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cables and Connections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Seal joints, if applicable.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Damage caused by lifting, dragging, or leaning.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integrity after the <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/how-is-the-breakout-or-underwater-exit-of-a-tunnel-boring-machine-carried-out-at-the-end-of-an-outfall\/\">Underwater tunnel boring machine breakthrough<\/a>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compatibility with breakwaters, mattresses, ballast, or burial.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When pipelines are installed using trenchless technologies, the design must take into account the protection of the pipe coating during installation, jacking, towing, or subsea connection operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Inspection, Commissioning, and Maintenance<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Once the system is installed, the effectiveness of the protection is verified by taking potential measurements, inspecting the anodes, checking for continuity, and reviewing critical areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The maintenance plan may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Periodic measurement of potentials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspection using an ROV or divers.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Anode inspection.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Monitoring of anode consumption.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Checking cables and connections.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspection of flanges and one-of-a-kind parts.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspection after storms.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Inspection after collisions, anchoring, or fishing.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Remaining Life Update.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Replace anodes as needed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the case of underground pipelines, direct inspection may be limited; therefore, electrical measurements, the initial design, and monitoring of accessible sections become particularly important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Risks of an Inadequate Design<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A poorly designed cathodic protection system can result in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Localized corrosion.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Insect bites.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loss of thickness.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Damage to flanges or joints.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Premature failures in diffusers or intakes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Leaks.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Loss of service life.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Environmental damage.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complex underwater repairs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interference with nearby structures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overprotection of sensitive materials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Failures that go undetected due to a lack of monitoring.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For subsea pipelines, repairing corrosion underwater is usually much more expensive than properly designing the protection system from the outset.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Information Needed to Review the Project<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To determine whether an underwater pipeline requires cathodic protection and how to design it, the following information should be provided: pipe material, diameter, length, wall thickness, service life, external coating, allowable defect percentage, type of installation (buried or exposed), bathymetry, marine geotechnical data, resistivity of water and sediment, salinity, temperature, depth, presence of oxygen, sulfates, or sulfides, currents, surf zone, metal components, flanges, diffusers, intakes, anchors, electrical continuity, insulating joints, nearby structures, existing cathodic protection, risk of stray currents, installation method, scheduled inspections, accessibility for maintenance, and environmental constraints.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>CTA:<\/strong> Request a <a href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/request-offer\/\">Technical review of cathodic protection and the durability of subsea pipelines<\/a> Before finalizing the RFQ, including materials, coatings, anodes, connections, and bottom protection or documentation.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Una conducci\u00f3n submarina necesita protecci\u00f3n cat\u00f3dica cuando sus elementos met\u00e1licos \u2014tuber\u00eda de acero, bridas, juntas, anclajes, piezas especiales, difusores, tomas, estructuras auxiliares o armaduras expuestas\u2014 pueden sufrir corrosi\u00f3n por contacto con agua de mar, sedimentos, suelos agresivos, corrientes vagabundas o discontinuidades del revestimiento anticorrosivo. La protecci\u00f3n cat\u00f3dica se dise\u00f1a junto con el revestimiento exterior, la [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[146],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5830","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-preguntas-frecuentes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Protecci\u00f3n cat\u00f3dica en conducciones submarinas<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cu\u00e1ndo necesita protecci\u00f3n cat\u00f3dica una conducci\u00f3n submarina y c\u00f3mo dise\u00f1arla: \u00e1nodos, corriente impresa, revestimiento, corrosi\u00f3n y RFQ.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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