{"id":4714,"date":"2025-11-04T09:49:31","date_gmt":"2025-11-04T09:49:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/?p=4714"},"modified":"2026-05-13T10:57:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-13T10:57:17","slug":"how-the-alignment-is-controlled-in-real-time","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/como-se-controla-la-alineacion-en-tiempo-real\/","title":{"rendered":"How is alignment controlled in real time: laser, gyroscope, total stations and as-built?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4714\" class=\"elementor elementor-4714\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6327ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d6327ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d3dfe2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0d3dfe2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"449\">At <strong data-start=\"124\" data-end=\"205\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/pipe-jacking-2\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"126\" data-end=\"203\">pipe jacking (microtunneling)<\/a><\/strong> the alignment is governed by a <strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"260\">guiding system<\/strong> (laser or gyroscopic) inside the shield, <strong data-start=\"302\" data-end=\"324\">external topography<\/strong> with automatic total stations and a continuous cycle of <strong data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"419\">correction-verification-registration<\/strong> culminating in the <em data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"448\">as-built<\/em>.<\/p><h2 data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"512\">1) Operating principle (axis and slope control)<\/h2><ol data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"1082\"><li data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"682\"><p data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"682\"><strong data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"527\">Reading<\/strong>: the target\/target of the shield receives the <strong data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"582\">laser beam<\/strong> or the orientation <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"612\">gyro\/INS<\/strong> and calculates horizontal\/vertical deviations from the theoretical axis.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"820\"><p data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"820\"><strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"700\">Correction<\/strong>: the <strong data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"734\">orientation cylinders<\/strong> apply micro-adjustments; if applicable, <strong data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"794\">correction rings<\/strong> in the pipe line.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"948\"><p data-start=\"824\" data-end=\"948\"><strong data-start=\"824\" data-end=\"848\">External verification<\/strong>: <strong data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"868\">total station<\/strong> (or several) observes shield\/tail prisms and contrasts with the control grid.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"1082\"><p data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"1082\"><strong data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"964\">Registration<\/strong>are recorded <strong data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1017\">thrusts, torque, pressures, deflections<\/strong> and consolidate in the <strong data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1065\">follow-up model<\/strong> and the <em data-start=\"1071\" data-end=\"1081\">as-built<\/em>.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><h2 data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1139\">2) Laser vs. gyroscope (when to use each)<\/h2><ul data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1896\"><li data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1488\"><p data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1488\"><strong data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1178\">Laser (classic in straight sections)<\/strong><br data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1181\" \/>Advantages: high accuracy, continuous reading, low cost.<br data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1246\" \/>Limitations: <strong data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1280\">line of sight<\/strong> (dust, slurry mist), sensitivity to <strong data-start=\"1322\" data-end=\"1337\">vibrations<\/strong> y <strong data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1359\">tight curves<\/strong>.<br data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1363\" \/>Good practices: stable topographic bases, <strong data-start=\"1412\" data-end=\"1436\">thermal compensation<\/strong>, daily collimation and reading quality filters.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1896\"><p data-start=\"1492\" data-end=\"1896\"><strong data-start=\"1492\" data-end=\"1576\">Gyroscope\/INS (ideal with curvature, long lengths or limited visibility)<\/strong><br data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1579\" \/>Advantages: not dependent on line of sight, robust to particulates and pressure changes.<br data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1671\" \/>Limitations: <strong data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1697\">drift<\/strong> long-term; requires <strong data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1741\">recalibrations<\/strong> and periodic tethering to the external network.<br data-start=\"1778\" data-end=\"1781\" \/>Best practices: <strong data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"1829\">recalibration stops<\/strong> by forward milestones, fusion algorithms (gyro + total station).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><blockquote data-start=\"1898\" data-end=\"2027\"><p data-start=\"1900\" data-end=\"2027\">Quick decision rule: <strong data-start=\"1926\" data-end=\"1952\">straight and clean \u2192 laser<\/strong>; <strong data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"2026\">curved, long or difficult to see \u2192 gyro (or laser+gyro hybrid)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote><h2 data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2090\">3) Automatic total stations (external control)<\/h2><ul data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2516\"><li data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2186\"><p data-start=\"2093\" data-end=\"2186\"><strong data-start=\"2093\" data-end=\"2111\">Control network<\/strong>Closed polygonals and bases <strong data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2183\">protected against vibration and traffic<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2187\" data-end=\"2322\"><p data-start=\"2189\" data-end=\"2322\"><strong data-start=\"2189\" data-end=\"2204\">Observation<\/strong>robotic mode with <strong data-start=\"2224\" data-end=\"2235\">prisms<\/strong> in shield\/tail; redundancy from <strong data-start=\"2270\" data-end=\"2288\">two seasons<\/strong> when the geometry allows it.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2323\" data-end=\"2426\"><p data-start=\"2325\" data-end=\"2426\"><strong data-start=\"2325\" data-end=\"2339\">Frequency<\/strong>: readings <strong data-start=\"2350\" data-end=\"2363\">continuous<\/strong> or by cadences (e.g., every 30-60 s or per meter excavated).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2427\" data-end=\"2516\"><p data-start=\"2429\" data-end=\"2516\"><strong data-start=\"2429\" data-end=\"2440\">Alarms<\/strong>: thresholds of \u0394axis\/\u0394slope y <strong data-start=\"2472\" data-end=\"2486\">stop rules<\/strong> for inspection and correction.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"2523\" data-end=\"2570\">4) Monitoring parameters and tolerances<\/h2><ul data-start=\"2571\" data-end=\"2972\"><li data-start=\"2571\" data-end=\"2680\"><p data-start=\"2573\" data-end=\"2680\"><strong data-start=\"2573\" data-end=\"2607\">Horizontal\/vertical deviation<\/strong> (mm), <strong data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2644\">tilt\/swivel angle<\/strong> (mrad), <strong data-start=\"2653\" data-end=\"2666\">pending<\/strong> (mm\/m or \u2030).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2681\" data-end=\"2839\"><p data-start=\"2683\" data-end=\"2839\"><strong data-start=\"2683\" data-end=\"2698\">Tolerances<\/strong>as defined in the project; as order of magnitude in microtunneling <strong data-start=\"2763\" data-end=\"2772\">mm-cm<\/strong> per section, with stricter limits in gravity sewers.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2840\" data-end=\"2972\"><p data-start=\"2842\" data-end=\"2972\"><strong data-start=\"2842\" data-end=\"2862\">Curvature (Rmin)<\/strong>is controlled by <strong data-start=\"2885\" data-end=\"2912\">smoothed paths<\/strong> and thrust sequence; abrupt corrections are avoided.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"2979\" data-end=\"3005\">5) <em data-start=\"2987\" data-end=\"2997\">As-built<\/em> and QA\/QC<\/h2><ul data-start=\"3006\" data-end=\"3309\"><li data-start=\"3006\" data-end=\"3091\"><p data-start=\"3008\" data-end=\"3091\"><strong data-start=\"3008\" data-end=\"3019\">Capture<\/strong>3D axis per ring\/span, relevant slopes, thrusts and pressures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3092\" data-end=\"3201\"><p data-start=\"3094\" data-end=\"3201\"><strong data-start=\"3094\" data-end=\"3105\">Delivery<\/strong>: flat <em data-start=\"3113\" data-end=\"3123\">as-built<\/em> (DWG\/LandXML), lists of achieved tolerances and <strong data-start=\"3176\" data-end=\"3198\">quality dossier<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3202\" data-end=\"3309\"><p data-start=\"3204\" data-end=\"3309\"><strong data-start=\"3204\" data-end=\"3220\">Traceability<\/strong>data signed by the surveyor and tunnel manager; documented recalibration milestones.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"3316\" data-end=\"3356\">6) Typical mistakes and how to avoid them<\/h2><ul data-start=\"3357\" data-end=\"3703\"><li data-start=\"3357\" data-end=\"3471\"><p data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3471\"><strong data-start=\"3359\" data-end=\"3397\">Temperature or vibration drift<\/strong> \u2192 thermal compensations, anti-vibration mounts, reading filters.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3472\" data-end=\"3594\"><p data-start=\"3474\" data-end=\"3594\"><strong data-start=\"3474\" data-end=\"3505\">Misalignment due to weak network<\/strong> \u2192 reinforcement of bases, redundant staking, closures, and <strong data-start=\"3559\" data-end=\"3591\">least squares adjustment<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3595\" data-end=\"3703\"><p data-start=\"3597\" data-end=\"3703\"><strong data-start=\"3597\" data-end=\"3633\">Loss of laser visibility<\/strong> \u2192 line cleaning, <em data-start=\"3655\" data-end=\"3663\">backup<\/em> gyro, and exterior mooring checkpoints.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-start=\"3710\" data-end=\"3759\">7) What to ask the contractor before starting<\/h2><ul data-start=\"3760\" data-end=\"4093\"><li data-start=\"3760\" data-end=\"3859\"><p data-start=\"3762\" data-end=\"3859\"><strong data-start=\"3762\" data-end=\"3780\">Guidance plan<\/strong> (laser, gyro or hybrid) with nominal accuracy and recalibration protocols.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3860\" data-end=\"3939\"><p data-start=\"3862\" data-end=\"3939\"><strong data-start=\"3862\" data-end=\"3882\">Topographic plan<\/strong> (network, stations, redundancy, frequencies and alarms).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3940\" data-end=\"4028\"><p data-start=\"3942\" data-end=\"4028\"><strong data-start=\"3942\" data-end=\"3975\">Data formatting and <em data-start=\"3963\" data-end=\"3973\">as-built<\/em><\/strong> (deliverables, coordinates, systems and versioning).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"4029\" data-end=\"4093\"><p data-start=\"4031\" data-end=\"4093\"><strong data-start=\"4031\" data-end=\"4056\">Tolerance matrix<\/strong> by tranche and acceptance criteria.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"4095\" data-end=\"4313\">For more information on guidance system selection criteria and accuracy, it is useful to read the report by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ita-aites.org\/\"><strong data-start=\"4198\" data-end=\"4243\">ITAtech about <em data-start=\"4214\" data-end=\"4241\">Guidance Systems for TBMs<\/em><\/strong><\/a> (alignment, sensors and best practices).<\/p><p data-start=\"4315\" data-end=\"4687\" data-is-last-node=\"\" data-is-only-node=\"\"><strong data-start=\"4315\" data-end=\"4334\">Next step:<\/strong> If you need to check your routing and tolerances, our team of <strong data-start=\"4403\" data-end=\"4499\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/technical-assistance-and-engineering\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"4405\" data-end=\"4497\">Technical assistance and engineering<\/a><\/strong> can define the <strong data-start=\"4517\" data-end=\"4545\">guidance and control plan<\/strong> according to your DN\/L\/Rmin and geotechnics; if you already have plans and soundings, <strong data-start=\"4617\" data-end=\"4686\"><a class=\"decorated-link\" href=\"https:\/\/eurohinca.com\/en\/request-offer\/\" target=\"_new\" rel=\"noopener\" data-start=\"4619\" data-end=\"4684\">request a quotation<\/a><\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>En hinca de tuber\u00eda (microt\u00fanel) la alineaci\u00f3n se gobierna con un sistema de guiado (l\u00e1ser o girosc\u00f3pico) dentro del escudo, topograf\u00eda externa con estaciones totales autom\u00e1ticas y un ciclo continuo de correcci\u00f3n\u2013verificaci\u00f3n\u2013registro que culmina en el as-built. 1) Principio operativo (control de eje y pendiente) Lectura: el objetivo\/target del escudo recibe el haz l\u00e1ser o [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":80,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[146],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4714","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-preguntas-frecuentes"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Control de alineaci\u00f3n en hinca: l\u00e1ser, gyro y as-built<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"C\u00f3mo mantener la precisi\u00f3n en microt\u00faneles e hincas: control de alineaci\u00f3n en tiempo real, guiado teledirigido y supervisi\u00f3n t\u00e9cnica.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" 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